Changes

 

=Regulation of SR gene expression=

==Regulation of SR gene expression==

There are two approaches to examining changes in SR expression in vivo:  by pharmacological manipulaton, and by characterization across development.  

There are two approaches to examining changes in SR expression in vivo:  by pharmacological manipulaton, and by characterization across development.  

===Pharmacological Manipulations===

==Pharmacological Manipulations==

<b>MK-801: <\b> Hasimoto et al. PMID 17109841 used qRT-PCR and HPLC to detect changes in SR and DAAO in adult rat brain after acute or chronic injections of MK-801, the non-competitive NR antagonist. Changes in mRNA were only seen at 400 ug/kg and above, Very large changes (5x - 10x at 1 h, still elevated 2-3x at 4 h) were seen in all brain regions examined (striatum hippocampys, cortex, diencephalon, midbrain, pons/medulla and cerebellum (although absolute levels were lower in more caudal brain regions.)  DAAO mRNA levels were decreased by MK-801 at 1 h, but increased at 4 h (and absolute levels of DAAO mRNA were high in more caudal brain regions.) DAAO showed a more dose-dependent response.  Chronic MK-801 (400 ug/kg for 14 days) also increased SR mRNA (2x in forebrain) but did not affect DAAO expression.  There is little discussion of the possible mechanisms, aside from pointing out that MK-801 can induce c-fos and there is an AP-1 element in the SR promoter, and  a CRE element in the DAAO promoter.

<b>MK-801: </b> Hasimoto et al. PMID 17109841 used qRT-PCR and HPLC to detect changes in SR and DAAO in adult rat brain after acute or chronic injections of MK-801, the non-competitive NR antagonist. Changes in mRNA were only seen at 400 ug/kg and above, Very large changes (5x - 10x at 1 h, still elevated 2-3x at 4 h) were seen in all brain regions examined (striatum hippocampys, cortex, diencephalon, midbrain, pons/medulla and cerebellum (although absolute levels were lower in more caudal brain regions.)  DAAO mRNA levels were decreased by MK-801 at 1 h, but increased at 4 h (and absolute levels of DAAO mRNA were high in more caudal brain regions.) DAAO showed a more dose-dependent response.  Chronic MK-801 (400 ug/kg for 14 days) also increased SR mRNA (2x in forebrain) but did not affect DAAO expression.  There is little discussion of the possible mechanisms, aside from pointing out that MK-801 can induce c-fos and there is an AP-1 element in the SR promoter, and  a CRE element in the DAAO promoter.

==Probe for in situ hybridization==

=Probe for in situ hybridization=

Primer sequences taken from Yoshikawa et al.,  PMID 16973158

Primer sequences taken from Yoshikawa et al.,  PMID 16973158