Changes

=Regulation of SR gene expression=

=Regulation of SR gene expression=

There are two approaches to examining changes in SR expression in vivo:  by pharmacological manipulaton, and by characterization across development.  

There are three approaches to examining changes in SR expression in vivo:  by pharmacological manipulaton, by characterization across development, and by pathological conditions.  

==Pharmacological manipulations==

==Pharmacological manipulations==

<b>MK-801: </b> Hasimoto et al. PMID 17109841 used qRT-PCR and HPLC to detect changes in SR and DAAO in adult rat brain after acute or chronic injections of MK-801, the non-competitive NR antagonist. Changes in mRNA were only seen at 400 ug/kg and above, Very large changes (5x - 10x at 1 h, still elevated 2-3x at 4 h) were seen in all brain regions examined (striatum hippocampys, cortex, diencephalon, midbrain, pons/medulla and cerebellum (although absolute levels were lower in more caudal brain regions.)  DAAO mRNA levels were decreased by MK-801 at 1 h, but increased at 4 h (and absolute levels of DAAO mRNA were high in more caudal brain regions.) DAAO showed a more dose-dependent response.  Chronic MK-801 (400 ug/kg for 14 days) also increased SR mRNA (2x in forebrain) but did not affect DAAO expression.  There is little discussion of the possible mechanisms, aside from pointing out that MK-801 can induce c-fos and there is an AP-1 element in the SR promoter, and  a CRE element in the DAAO promoter.

<b>MK-801: </b> Hasimoto et al. PMID 17109841 used qRT-PCR and HPLC to detect changes in SR and DAAO in adult rat brain after acute or chronic injections of MK-801, the non-competitive NR antagonist. Changes in mRNA were only seen at 400 ug/kg and above, Very large changes (5x - 10x at 1 h, still elevated 2-3x at 4 h) were seen in all brain regions examined (striatum hippocampys, cortex, diencephalon, midbrain, pons/medulla and cerebellum (although absolute levels were lower in more caudal brain regions.)  DAAO mRNA levels were decreased by MK-801 at 1 h, but increased at 4 h (and absolute levels of DAAO mRNA were high in more caudal brain regions.) DAAO showed a more dose-dependent response.  Chronic MK-801 (400 ug/kg for 14 days) also increased SR mRNA (2x in forebrain) but did not affect DAAO expression.  There is little discussion of the possible mechanisms, aside from pointing out that MK-801 can induce c-fos and there is an AP-1 element in the SR promoter, and  a CRE element in the DAAO promoter.

==Developmental changes==

==Developmental changes==

<b>Postnatal</b> Puyal et al PMID 16739185 found low levels of d-serine (by chemiluminescent assay) at PO, then a surge of d-serine at P7 that declined until a very low level at P45. Western blot analysis of SR and DAAO showed that SR declined from birth to P45, while DAAO increased from P14 and later. Some nice colocalization by fluroescent double-labeling showed that d-serine was mostly in glial cells at P0-P21, but after P28 the d-serine was mostly in neurons. No discussion of what regulates SR or DAAO expression.

<b>Postnatal</b> Puyal et al PMID 16739185 found low levels of d-serine (by chemiluminescent assay) at PO, then a surge of d-serine at P7 that declined until a very low level at P45. Western blot analysis of SR and DAAO showed that SR declined from birth to P45, while DAAO increased from P14 and later. Some nice colocalization by fluroescent double-labeling showed that d-serine was mostly in glial cells at P0-P21, but after P28 the d-serine was mostly in neurons. No discussion of what regulates SR or DAAO expression.

=Probe for in situ hybridization=

=Probe for in situ hybridization=